cwgen(1) [debian man page]
CWGEN(1) General Commands Manual CWGEN(1) NAME
cwgen - generate groups of random characters for Morse code practice SYNOPSIS
cwgen [-g --groups=groups] [-n --groupsize=groupsize] [-n --groupsize=group_min-group_max] [-r --repeat=repeat] [-x --limit=limit] [-c --charset=charset] [-h --help] [-V --version] cwgen installed on GNU/Linux systems understands both short form and long form command line options. cwgen installed on other operating systems may understand only the short form options. Options may be predefined in the environment variable CWGEN_OPTIONS. If defined, these options are used first; command line options take precedence. DESCRIPTION
cwgen provides a simple method to generate groups of random characters for use as input into cw. Command line options control the group size, number of groups, and character set from which the random characters are selected. COMMAND LINE OPTIONS cwgen understands the following command line options. The long form options may not be available in non-LINUX versions. -g, --groups Specifies the number of groups of random characters to generate. The default value is 128. -n, --groupsize Specifies either the number of random characters in each group, if a single value is given, or a range for the number of random characters in each group if a dash-separated pair of values is given. If a range is given, cwgen generates groups sized randomly between 'group_min' and 'group_max'. The default value is 5. -r, --repeat Specifies the number of times to repeat each group. The default value is 0, indicating that each group is printed just once. -x, --limit Specifies an upper limit on the number of characters printed. This option is useful when using random group sizes, to ensure a given amount of practice text. The default value is 0, indicating no upper limit on the number of characters printed. -c, --charset Defines the character set from which the random characters are selected. The default value is 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTU- VWXYZ0123456789'. EXAMPLES
Generate 20 groups of 10 characters from the set EISH5, and sound them as Morse code. Both short-form and long-form option examples are shown: cwgen -g 20 -n 10 -c "EISH5" | cw -w 25 -t 850 cwgen --groups=20 --groupsize=10 --charset="EISH5" | cw --wpm=25 --tone=850 SEE ALSO
Man pages for cw(7,LOCAL), libcw(3,LOCAL), cw(1,LOCAL), cwcp(1,LOCAL), and xcwcp(1,LOCAL). cwgen ver. 3.0.1 CW Tutor Package CWGEN(1)
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CW(7) Miscellaneous Information Manual CW(7) NAME
CW - the international Morse code DESCRIPTION
CW is an abbreviation for "continuous wave", the commonly used technical term for Morse code communication. A basic knowledge or under- standing of Morse code is a requirement for Radio Amateurs and Marine Radio Operators in many parts of the world. MORSE CODE TIMINGS In Morse code, a dot or dash is referred to as an element. The basic timing unit is the dot period. This is the time taken to send a dot, not including any space before or after the dot. The lengths of all other elements are then derived from this basic unit, using the fol- lowing rules: The duration of a dash is three dots. The time between each element (dot or dash) is one dot length. The space between characters is three dot lengths. The space between words is seven dot lengths. The following formula calculates the dot period in microseconds from the Morse code speed in words per minute: dot period = ( 1200000 / speed ) This formula arises from the use of the word PARIS as a 'standard' word for calibrating Morse code speed. PARIS is 50 units long when sent in Morse code. Analysis of English plain-text indicates that the average word is 50 units, including spaces. MORSE CODE CHARACTERS The following list shows the IS0 8859-1 (Latin-1) characters that have commonly understood representations in Morse code: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789"$()+-./:;=?_@ and space In addition, following ISO 8859-1 and ISO 8859-2 accented characters are also part of the generally accepted international Morse code: UACOEEANS (S with cedilla), (Z with caron/hacek), Finally, libcw adds the following ASCII characters as extensions to single character procedural signals: <>!&^~ MORSE CODE CHARACTER TABLES The following table shows the Morse code equivalents for the ISO 8859-1, accented ISO 8859-1, and accented ISO 8859-2 characters above. The ASCII portion of this table is taken from the ARRL Handbook, and the accented extensions from various other sources: Ch Code Ch Code Ch Code Ch Code ------------------------------------------------------- A .- B -... C -.-. D -.. E . F ..-. G --. H .... I .. J .--- K -.- L .-.. M -- N -. O --- P .--. Q --.- R .-. S ... T - U ..- V ...- W .-- X -..- Y -.-- Z --.. 0 ----- 1 .---- 2 ..--- 3 ...-- 4 ....- 5 ..... 6 -.... 7 --... 8 ---.. 9 ----. " .-..-. ' .----. $ ...-..- ( -.--. ) -.--.- + .-.-. , --..-- - -....- . .-.-.- / -..-. : ---... ; -.-.-. = -...- ? ..--.. _ ..--.- Ch Code Ch Code ------------------------------------------------- U ..-- A .-.- C -.-.. O ---. E ..-.. A .-..- A .--.- N --.-- S (S+cedilla) ---- (Z+caron/hacek) --..- In addition to the above standard characters, the following characters are conventionally used for punctuation and procedural signals as follows: Ch Code Ch Code Ch Code Ch Code ------------------------------------------------------- " .-..-. ' .----. $ ...-..- ( -.--. ) -.--.- + .-.-. , --..-- - -....- . .-.-.- / -..-. : ---... ; -.-.-. = -...- ? ..--.. _ ..--.- @ .--.-. and the following are non-conventional extensions implemented by libcw: Ch Code Ch Code Ch Code Ch Code ----------------------------------------------------- < ...-.- > -...-.- ! ...-. & .-... ^ -.-.- ~ .-.-.. An alternative view of punctuation and procedural signals is as combination Morse characters: Ch Prosig Ch Prosig Ch Prosig Ch Prosig --------------------------------------------------------- " [AF] ' [WG] $ [SX] ( [KN] ) [KK] + [AR] , [MIM] - [DU] . [AAA] / [DN] : [OS] ; [KR] = [BT] ? [IMI] _ [IQ] @ [AC] < [VA],[SK] > [BK] ! [SN] & [AS] ^ [KA] ~ [AL] NOTES
Despite the fact that this manual page constantly and consistently refers to Morse code elements as dots and dashes, DO NOT think in these terms when trying to learn Morse code. Always think of them as 'dit's and 'dah's. SEE ALSO
Man pages for libcw(3,LOCAL), cw(1,LOCAL), cwgen(1,LOCAL), cwcp(1,LOCAL), and xcwcp(1,LOCAL). CW Tutor Package CW(7)