ci(1) ci(1)
NAME
ci - check in RCS revisions
SYNOPSIS
ci [options] file...
OPTIONS
checks in a revision, releases the corresponding lock, and removes the working file. This is the default.
The -r option has an unusual meaning in ci. In other RCS commands, -r merely specifies a revision number, but in ci it also releases
a lock and removes the working file. See -u for a tricky example. works like -r, except it performs an additional co -l for the
deposited revision. Thus, the deposited revision is immediately checked out again and locked. This is useful for saving a revision
although one wants to continue editing it after the checkin. works like -l, except that the deposited revision is not locked. This
lets one read the working file immediately after checkin.
The -l, -r, and -u options are mutually exclusive and silently override each other. For example, ci -u -r is equivalent to ci -r
because -r overrides -u. forces a deposit; the new revision is deposited even it is not different from the preceding one. searches
the working file for keyword values to determine its revision number, creation date, state, and author (see co(1)), and assigns
these values to the deposited revision, rather than computing them locally. It also generates a default login message noting the
login of the caller and the actual checkin date. This option is useful for software distribution. A revision that is sent to sev-
eral sites should be checked in with the -k option at these sites to preserve the original number, date, author, and state. The
extracted keyword values and the default log message may be overridden with the options -d, -m, -s, -w, and any option that carries
a revision number. quiet mode; diagnostic output is not printed. A revision that is not different from the preceding one is not
deposited, unless -f is given. interactive mode; the user is prompted and questioned even if the standard input is not a terminal.
uses date for the checkin date and time. The date is specified in free format as explained in co(1). This is useful for lying about
the checkin date, and for -k if no date is available. If date is empty, the working file's time of last modification is used. Set
the modification time on any new working file to be the date of the retrieved revision. For example, ci -d -M -u f does not alter
f's modification time, even if f's contents change due to keyword substitution. Use this option with care; it can confuse make(1).
uses the string msg as the log message for all revisions checked in. assigns the symbolic name name to the number of the checked-in
revision. ci prints an error message if name is already assigned to another number. same as -n, except that it overrides a previ-
ous assignment of name. sets the state of the checked-in revision to the identifier state. The default state is Exp. writes
descriptive text from the contents of the named file into the RCS file, deleting the existing text. The file may not begin with -.
Write descriptive text from the string into the RCS file, deleting the existing text.
The -t option, in both its forms, has effect only during an initial checkin; it is silently ignored otherwise.
During the initial checkin, if -t is not given, ci obtains the text from standard input, terminated by end-of-file or by a line con-
taining by itself. The user is prompted for the text if interaction is possible; see -I.
For backward compatibility with older versions of RCS, a bare -t option is ignored. uses login for the author field of the
deposited revision. Useful for lying about the author, and for -k if no author is available. Emulate RCS version n. See co(1) for
details. specifies the suffixes for RCS files. A nonempty suffix matches any pathname ending in the suffix. An empty suffix matches
any pathname of the form RCS/file or path/RCS/file. The -x option can specify a list of suffixes separated by /. For example, -x,v/
specifies two suffixes: ,v and the empty suffix. If two or more suffixes are specified, they are tried in order when looking for an
RCS file; the first one that works is used for that file. If no RCS file is found but an RCS file can be created, the suffixes are
tried in order to determine the new RCS file's name. The default for suffixes is installation-dependent; normally it is ,v/ for
hosts like Unix that permit commas in file names, and is empty (i.e. just the empty suffix) for other hosts.
DESCRIPTION
ci stores new revisions into RCS files. Each pathname matching an RCS suffix is taken to be an RCS file. All others are assumed to be work-
ing files containing new revisions. ci deposits the contents of each working file into the corresponding RCS file. If only a working file
is given, ci tries to find the corresponding RCS file in an RCS subdirectory and then in the working file's directory. For more details,
see FILE NAMING below.
For ci to work, the caller's login must be on the access list, except if the access list is empty or the caller is the superuser or the
owner of the file. To append a new revision to an existing branch, the tip revision on that branch must be locked by the caller. Other-
wise, only a new branch can be created. This restriction is not enforced for the owner of the file if non-strict locking is used (see
rcs(1)). A lock held by someone else may be broken with the rcs command.
Unless the -f option is given, ci checks whether the revision to be deposited differs from the preceding one. If not, instead of creating
a new revision ci reverts to the preceding one. To revert, ordinary ci removes the working file and any lock; ci -l keeps and ci -u removes
any lock, and then they both generate a new working file much as if co -l or co -u had been applied to the preceding revision. When
reverting, any -n and -s options apply to the preceding revision.
For each revision deposited, ci prompts for a log message. The log message should summarize the change and must be terminated by end-of-
file or by a line containing by itself. If several files are checked in ci asks whether to reuse the previous log message. If the standard
input is not a terminal, ci suppresses the prompt and uses the same log message for all files. See also -m.
If the RCS file does not exist, ci creates it and deposits the contents of the working file as the initial revision (default number: 1.1).
The access list is initialized to empty. Instead of the log message, ci requests descriptive text (see -t above).
The number rev of the deposited revision can be given by any of the options -f, -I, -k, -l, -M, -q, -r, or -u. rev may be symbolic,
numeric, or mixed. If rev is $, ci determines the revision number from keyword values in the working file.
If rev is a revision number, it must be higher than the latest one on the branch to which rev belongs, or must start a new branch.
If rev is a branch rather than a revision number, the new revision is appended to that branch. The level number is obtained by increment-
ing the tip revision number of that branch. If rev indicates a non-existing branch, that branch is created with the initial revision num-
bered rev.1.
If rev is omitted, ci tries to derive the new revision number from the caller's last lock. If the caller has locked the tip revision of a
branch, the new revision is appended to that branch. The new revision number is obtained by incrementing the tip revision number. If the
caller locked a non-tip revision, a new branch is started at that revision by incrementing the highest branch number at that revision. The
default initial branch and level numbers are 1.
If rev is omitted and the caller has no lock, but owns the file and locking is not set to strict, then the revision is appended to the
default branch (normally the trunk; see the -b option of rcs(1)).
Exception: On the trunk, revisions can be appended to the end, but not inserted.
FILE NAMING
Pairs of RCS files and working files may be specified in three ways (see also the EXAMPLES section). Both the RCS file and the working
file are given. The RCS pathname is of the form path1/workfileX and the working pathname is of the form path2/workfile where path1/ and
path2/ are (possibly different or empty) paths, workfile is a filename, and X is an RCS suffix. If X is empty, path1/ must be RCS/ or must
end in /RCS/. Only the RCS file is given. Then the working file is created in the current directory and its name is derived from the name
of the RCS file by removing path1/ and the suffix X. Only the working file is given. Then ci considers each RCS suffix X in turn, looking
for an RCS file of the form path2/RCS/workfileX or (if the former is not found and X is nonempty) path2/workfileX.
If the RCS file is specified without a path in 1. and 2., ci looks for the RCS file first in the directory and then in the current direc-
tory.
ci reports an error if an attempt to open an RCS file fails for an unusual reason, even if the RCS file's pathname is just one of several
possibilities. For example, to suppress use of RCS commands in a directory d, create a regular file named d/RCS so that casual attempts to
use RCS commands in d fail because d/RCS is not a directory.
EXAMPLES
Suppose ,v is an RCS suffix and the current directory contains a subdirectory RCS with an RCS file io.c,v. Then each of the following com-
mands check in a copy of io.c into RCS/io.c,v as the latest revision, removing io.c. ci io.c; ci RCS/io.c,v; ci io.c,v; ci io.c
RCS/io.c,v; ci io.c io.c,v; ci RCS/io.c,v io.c; ci io.c,v io.c;
Suppose instead that the empty suffix is an RCS suffix and the current directory contains a subdirectory RCS with an RCS file io.c. The
each of the following commands checks in a new revision. ci io.c; ci RCS/io.c; ci io.c RCS/io.c; ci RCS/io.c io.c;
FILE MODES
An RCS file created by ci inherits the read and execute permissions from the working file. If the RCS file exists already, ci preserves
its read and execute permissions. ci always turns off all write permissions of RCS files.
FILES
Several temporary files may be created in the directory containing the working file, and also in the temporary directory (see TMPDIR under
ENVIRONMENT). A semaphore file or files are created in the directory containing the RCS file. With a nonempty suffix, the semaphore names
begin with the first character of the suffix; therefore, do not specify an suffix whose first character could be that of a working file-
name. With an empty suffix, the semaphore names end with _ so working filenames should not end in _.
ci never changes an RCS or working file. Normally, ci unlinks the file and creates a new one; but instead of breaking a chain of one or
more symbolic links to an RCS file, it unlinks the destination file instead. Therefore, ci breaks any hard or symbolic links to any working
file it changes; and hard links to RCS files are ineffective, but symbolic links to RCS files are preserved.
The effective user must be able to search and write the directory containing the RCS file. Normally, the real user must be able to read the
RCS and working files and to search and write the directory containing the working file; however, some older hosts cannot easily switch
between real and effective users, so on these hosts the effective user is used for all accesses. The effective user is the same as the real
user unless your copies of ci and co have setuid privileges. As described in the next section, these privileges yield extra security if the
effective user owns all RCS files and directories, and if only the effective user can write RCS directories.
Users can control access to RCS files by setting the permissions of the directory containing the files; only users with write access to the
directory can use RCS commands to change its RCS files. For example, in hosts that allow a user to belong to several groups, one can make a
group's RCS directories writable to that group only. This approach suffices for informal projects, but it means that any group member can
arbitrarily change the group's RCS files, and can even remove them entirely. Hence more formal projects sometimes distinguish between an
RCS administrator, who can change the RCS files at will, and other project members, who can check in new revisions but cannot otherwise
change the RCS files.
SETUID USE
To prevent anybody but their RCS administrator from deleting revisions, a set of users can employ setuid privileges as follows. Check that
the host RCS supports setuid use. Consult a trustworthy expert if there are any doubts. It is best if the seteuid() system call works as
described in Posix 1003.1a Draft 5, because RCS can switch back and forth easily between real and effective users, even if the real user is
root. If not, the second best is if the setuid() system call supports saved setuid (the {_POSIX_SAVED_IDS} behavior of Posix 1003.1-1990);
this fails only if the real user is root. If RCS detects any failure in setuid, it quits immediately. Choose a user A to serve as RCS
administrator for the set of users. Only A will be able to invoke the rcs command on the users' RCS files. A should not be root or any
other user with special powers. Mutually suspicious sets of users should use different administrators. Choose a path name B that will be a
directory of files to be executed by the users. Have A set up B to contain copies of ci and co that are setuid to A by copying the com-
mands from their standard installation directory D as follows: mkdir B cp D/c[io] B chmod go-w,u+s B/c[io] Have each user prepend B to
their path as follows: PATH=B:$PATH; export PATH # ordinary shell set path=(B $path) # C shell Have A create each RCS directory R
with write access only to A as follows: mkdir R chmod go-w R If you want to let only certain users read the RCS files, put the users
into a group G, and have A further protect the RCS directory as follows: chgrp G R chmod g-w,o-rwx R Have A copy old RCS files (if any)
into R, to ensure that A owns them. An RCS file's access list limits who can check in and lock revisions. The default access list is
empty, which grants checkin access to anyone who can read the RCS file. If you want limit checkin access, have A invoke rcs -a on the file;
see rcs(1). In particular, rcs -e -a A limits access to just A. Have A initialize any new RCS files with rcs -i before initial checkin,
adding the -a option if you want to limit checkin access. Give setuid privileges only to ci, co, and rcsclean; do not give them to rcs or
to any other command. Do not use other setuid commands to invoke RCS commands; setuid is trickier than you think!
ENVIRONMENT
options prepended to the argument list, separated by spaces. A backslash escapes spaces within an option. The RCSINIT options are
prepended to the argument lists of most commands. Useful RCSINIT options include -q, -V, and -x. Name of the temporary directory. If not
set, the environment variables TMP and TEMP are inspected instead and the first value found is taken; if none of them are set, a host-
dependent default is used, typically /tmp.
DIAGNOSTICS
For each revision, ci prints the file, the working file, and the number of both the deposited and the preceding revision. The exit status
is zero if and only if all operations were successful.
IDENTIFICATION
Author: Walter F. Tichy.
Revision Number: 1.1.6.2; Release Date:1993/10/07.
Copyright (C) 1982, 1988, 1989 by Walter F. Tichy.
Copyright (C) 1990, 1991 by Paul Eggert.
SEE ALSO
co(1), ident(1), make(1), rcs(1), rcsclean(1), rcsdiff(1), rcsintro(1), rcsmerge(1), rlog(1), rcsfile(5)
Walter F. Tichy, RCS--A System for Version Control, Software--Practice & Experience 15, 7 (July 1985), 637-654.
ci(1)