string(n) Tcl Built-In Commands string(n)
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NAME
string - Manipulate strings
SYNOPSIS
string option arg ?arg ...?
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DESCRIPTION
Performs one of several string operations, depending on option. The legal options (which may be abbreviated) are:
string bytelength string
Returns a decimal string giving the number of bytes used to represent string in memory. Because UTF-8 uses one to three bytes to
represent Unicode characters, the byte length will not be the same as the character length in general. The cases where a script
cares about the byte length are rare. In almost all cases, you should use the string length operation (including determining the
length of a Tcl ByteArray object). Refer to the Tcl_NumUtfChars manual entry for more details on the UTF-8 representation.
string compare ?-nocase? ?-length int? string1 string2
Perform a character-by-character comparison of strings string1 and string2. Returns -1, 0, or 1, depending on whether string1 is
lexicographically less than, equal to, or greater than string2. If -length is specified, then only the first length characters are
used in the comparison. If -length is negative, it is ignored. If -nocase is specified, then the strings are compared in a case-
insensitive manner.
string equal ?-nocase? ?-length int? string1 string2
Perform a character-by-character comparison of strings string1 and string2. Returns 1 if string1 and string2 are identical, or 0
when not. If -length is specified, then only the first length characters are used in the comparison. If -length is negative, it is
ignored. If -nocase is specified, then the strings are compared in a case-insensitive manner.
string first needleString haystackString ?startIndex?
Search haystackString for a sequence of characters that exactly match the characters in needleString. If found, return the index of
the first character in the first such match within haystackString. If not found, return -1. If startIndex is specified (in any of
the forms accepted by the index method), then the search is constrained to start with the character in haystackString specified by
the index. For example,
string first a 0a23456789abcdef 5
will return 10, but
string first a 0123456789abcdef 11
will return -1.
string index string charIndex
Returns the charIndex'th character of the string argument. A charIndex of 0 corresponds to the first character of the string.
charIndex may be specified as follows: |
integer |
For any index value that passes string is integer -strict, the char specified at this integral index (e.g. 2 would refer |
to the "c" in "abcd"). |
end |
The last char of the string (e.g. end would refer to the "d" in "abcd"). |
end-N |
The last char of the string minus the specified integer offset N (e.g. end-1 would refer to the "c" in "abcd"). |
end+N |
The last char of the string plus the specified integer offset N (e.g. end+-1 would refer to the "c" in "abcd"). |
M+N |
The char specified at the integral index that is the sum of integer values M and N (e.g. 1+1 would refer to the "c" in |
"abcd"). |
M-N |
The char specified at the integral index that is the difference of integer values M and N (e.g. 2-1 would refer to the "b" |
in "abcd"). |
In the specifications above, the integer value M contains no trailing whitespace and the integer value N contains no leading white- |
space. |
If charIndex is less than 0 or greater than or equal to the length of the string then this command returns an empty string. |
string is class ?-strict? ?-failindex varname? string
Returns 1 if string is a valid member of the specified character class, otherwise returns 0. If -strict is specified, then an empty
string returns 0, otherwise an empty string will return 1 on any class. If -failindex is specified, then if the function returns 0,
the index in the string where the class was no longer valid will be stored in the variable named varname. The varname will not be
set if the function returns 1. The following character classes are recognized (the class name can be abbreviated):
alnum Any Unicode alphabet or digit character.
alpha Any Unicode alphabet character.
ascii Any character with a value less than u0080 (those that are in the 7-bit ascii range).
boolean Any of the forms allowed to Tcl_GetBoolean.
control Any Unicode control character.
digit Any Unicode digit character. Note that this includes characters outside of the [0-9] range.
double Any of the valid forms for a double in Tcl, with optional surrounding whitespace. In case of under/overflow in the
value, 0 is returned and the varname will contain -1.
false Any of the forms allowed to Tcl_GetBoolean where the value is false.
graph Any Unicode printing character, except space.
integer Any of the valid string formats for a 32-bit integer value in Tcl, with optional surrounding whitespace. In case of
under/overflow in the value, 0 is returned and the varname will contain -1.
list Any proper list structure, with optional surrounding whitespace. In case of improper list structure, 0 is returned and
the varname will contain the index of the "element" where the list parsing fails, or -1 if this cannot be determined.
lower Any Unicode lower case alphabet character.
print Any Unicode printing character, including space.
punct Any Unicode punctuation character.
space Any Unicode space character.
true Any of the forms allowed to Tcl_GetBoolean where the value is true.
upper Any upper case alphabet character in the Unicode character set. |
wideinteger |
Any of the valid forms for a wide integer in Tcl, with optional surrounding whitespace. In case of under/overflow in |
the value, 0 is returned and the varname will contain -1.
wordchar Any Unicode word character. That is any alphanumeric character, and any Unicode connector punctuation characters (e.g.
underscore).
xdigit Any hexadecimal digit character ([0-9A-Fa-f]).
In the case of boolean, true and false, if the function will return 0, then the varname will always be set to 0, due to the varied
nature of a valid boolean value.
string last needleString haystackString ?lastIndex?
Search haystackString for a sequence of characters that exactly match the characters in needleString. If found, return the index of
the first character in the last such match within haystackString. If there is no match, then return -1. If lastIndex is specified
(in any of the forms accepted by the index method), then only the characters in haystackString at or before the specified lastIndex
will be considered by the search. For example,
string last a 0a23456789abcdef 15
will return 10, but
string last a 0a23456789abcdef 9
will return 1.
string length string
Returns a decimal string giving the number of characters in string. Note that this is not necessarily the same as the number of
bytes used to store the string. If the object is a ByteArray object (such as those returned from reading a binary encoded channel),
then this will return the actual byte length of the object.
string map ?-nocase? mapping string
Replaces substrings in string based on the key-value pairs in mapping. mapping is a list of key value key value ... as in the form
returned by array get. Each instance of a key in the string will be replaced with its corresponding value. If -nocase is speci-
fied, then matching is done without regard to case differences. Both key and value may be multiple characters. Replacement is done
in an ordered manner, so the key appearing first in the list will be checked first, and so on. string is only iterated over once,
so earlier key replacements will have no affect for later key matches. For example,
string map {abc 1 ab 2 a 3 1 0} 1abcaababcabababc
will return the string 01321221.
Note that if an earlier key is a prefix of a later one, it will completely mask the later one. So if the previous example is
reordered like this,
string map {1 0 ab 2 a 3 abc 1} 1abcaababcabababc
it will return the string 02c322c222c.
string match ?-nocase? pattern string
See if pattern matches string; return 1 if it does, 0 if it does not. If -nocase is specified, then the pattern attempts to match
against the string in a case insensitive manner. For the two strings to match, their contents must be identical except that the
following special sequences may appear in pattern:
* Matches any sequence of characters in string, including a null string.
? Matches any single character in string.
[chars] Matches any character in the set given by chars. If a sequence of the form x-y appears in chars, then any character
between x and y, inclusive, will match. When used with -nocase, the end points of the range are converted to lower case
first. Whereas {[A-z]} matches "_" when matching case-sensitively (since "_" falls between the "Z" and "a"), with -nocase
this is considered like {[A-Za-z]} (and probably what was meant in the first place).
x Matches the single character x. This provides a way of avoiding the special interpretation of the characters *?[] in
pattern.
string range string first last
Returns a range of consecutive characters from string, starting with the character whose index is first and ending with the charac-
ter whose index is last. An index of 0 refers to the first character of the string. first and last may be specified as for the
index method. If first is less than zero then it is treated as if it were zero, and if last is greater than or equal to the length
of the string then it is treated as if it were end. If first is greater than last then an empty string is returned.
string repeat string count
Returns string repeated count number of times.
string replace string first last ?newstring?
Removes a range of consecutive characters from string, starting with the character whose index is first and ending with the charac-
ter whose index is last. An index of 0 refers to the first character of the string. First and last may be specified as for the
index method. If newstring is specified, then it is placed in the removed character range. If first is less than zero then it is
treated as if it were zero, and if last is greater than or equal to the length of the string then it is treated as if it were end.
If first is greater than last or the length of the initial string, or last is less than 0, then the initial string is returned
untouched. |
string reverse string |
Returns a string that is the same length as string but with its characters in the reverse order.
string tolower string ?first? ?last?
Returns a value equal to string except that all upper (or title) case letters have been converted to lower case. If first is speci-
fied, it refers to the first char index in the string to start modifying. If last is specified, it refers to the char index in the
string to stop at (inclusive). first and last may be specified as for the index method.
string totitle string ?first? ?last?
Returns a value equal to string except that the first character in string is converted to its Unicode title case variant (or upper
case if there is no title case variant) and the rest of the string is converted to lower case. If first is specified, it refers to
the first char index in the string to start modifying. If last is specified, it refers to the char index in the string to stop at
(inclusive). first and last may be specified as for the index method.
string toupper string ?first? ?last?
Returns a value equal to string except that all lower (or title) case letters have been converted to upper case. If first is speci-
fied, it refers to the first char index in the string to start modifying. If last is specified, it refers to the char index in the
string to stop at (inclusive). first and last may be specified as for the index method.
string trim string ?chars?
Returns a value equal to string except that any leading or trailing characters present in the string given by chars are removed. If
chars is not specified then white space is removed (spaces, tabs, newlines, and carriage returns).
string trimleft string ?chars?
Returns a value equal to string except that any leading characters present in the string given by chars are removed. If chars is
not specified then white space is removed (spaces, tabs, newlines, and carriage returns).
string trimright string ?chars?
Returns a value equal to string except that any trailing characters present in the string given by chars are removed. If chars is
not specified then white space is removed (spaces, tabs, newlines, and carriage returns).
string wordend string charIndex
Returns the index of the character just after the last one in the word containing character charIndex of string. charIndex may be
specified as for the index method. A word is considered to be any contiguous range of alphanumeric (Unicode letters or decimal dig-
its) or underscore (Unicode connector punctuation) characters, or any single character other than these.
string wordstart string charIndex
Returns the index of the first character in the word containing character charIndex of string. charIndex may be specified as for
the index method. A word is considered to be any contiguous range of alphanumeric (Unicode letters or decimal digits) or underscore
(Unicode connector punctuation) characters, or any single character other than these.
EXAMPLE
Test if the string in the variable string is a proper non-empty prefix of the string foobar.
set length [string length $string]
if {$length == 0} {
set isPrefix 0
} else {
set isPrefix [string equal -length $length $string "foobar"]
}
SEE ALSO
expr(n), list(n)
KEYWORDS
case conversion, compare, index, match, pattern, string, word, equal, ctype, character, reverse
Tcl 8.1 string(n)