ll2utm(1) [debian man page]
LL2UTM(1) General Commands Manual LL2UTM(1) NAME
ll2utm - Convert latitude/longitude geographical coordinates to UTM coordinates SYNOPSIS
ll2utm [-L] | [latitude longitude [nad27 | nad83 | wgs84]] DESCRIPTION
This program uses Redfearn's formulas to convert a given latitude and longitude into the equivalent Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates. (This operation is often referred to as projection, since it projects a curved surface onto a flat plane.) The input lati- tude and longitude must be in decimal degrees. Latitudes south of the equator are negative, and longitudes west of the prime meridian are negative. UTM is intended for use in the latitude range from 80S to 84N. The program will accept input outside of this range, but will print a warning message. The output takes the form of a single line, containing the UTM "x" value, the UTM "y" value, and the UTM zone, separated by white space. The "x" value includes the normal 500,000 false easting. The "y" value includes the normal 10,000,000 false northing, if the point is in the southern hemisphere. Points in the southern hemisphere are flagged by making the zone number negative. If you provide just the "-L" option, the program will print some license information and exit. Projections, and inverse projections, depend on defining an ellipsoid that approximates the shape of the earth (the reference ellipsoid) and defining reference coordinates (the datum) that allow measurements to be made. Different choices of the ellipsoid and datum can yield projections that differ by tens of meters. There are a wide variety of choices, due to both the historical progression of measurement technology, and the desire to maximize accuracy over a given region (such as North America, or one of the United States). This program defaults to the North American Datum of 1927 (NAD-27) with the Clarke Ellipsoid of 1866, since these appear to be appropriate for much of the freely-available data. The data are apparently in the process of being converted to the Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS-80) ellipsoid and NAD-83. If you come across such data, you can specify "nad83" on the command line. The GTOPO30 data use the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS-84) ellipsoid, which can be invoked by specifying "wgs84" on the command line. SEE ALSO
The utm2ll(1) command provides the inverse conversion. Jul 24, 2001 LL2UTM(1)
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CARTCONVERT(1) GeographicLib Utilities CARTCONVERT(1) NAME
CartConvert -- convert geodetic coordinates to geocentric or local cartesian SYNOPSIS
CartConvert [ -r ] [ -l lat0 lon0 h0 ] [ -e a f ] [ --comment-delimiter commentdelim ] [ --version | -h | --help ] [ --input-file infile | --input-string instring ] [ --line-separator linesep ] [ --output-file outfile ] DESCRIPTION
Convert geodetic coordinates to either geocentric or local cartesian coordinates. Geocentric coordinates have the origin at the center of the earth, with the z axis going thru the north pole, and the x axis thru latitude = 0, longitude = 0. By default, the conversion is to geocentric coordinates. Specifying -l lat0 lon0 h0 causes a local coordinate system to be used with the origin at latitude = lat0, longitude = lon0, height = h0, z normal to the ellipsoid and y due north. Geodetic coordinates are provided on standard input as a set of lines containing (blank separated) latitude, longitude (decimal degrees or degrees, minutes and seconds), and height above the ellipsoid (meters). For each set of geodetic coordinates, the corresponding cartesian coordinates x, y, z (meters) are printed on standard output. OPTIONS
-r perform the reverse projection. x, y, z are given on standard input and each line of standard output gives latitude, longitude, height. -e specify the ellipsoid via a f; the equatorial radius is a and the flattening is f. Setting f = 0 results in a sphere. Specify f < 0 for a prolate ellipsoid. A simple fraction, e.g., 1/297, is allowed for f. (Also, if f > 1, the flattening is set to 1/f.) By default, the WGS84 ellipsoid is used, a = 6378137 m, f = 1/298.257223563. --comment-delimiter set the comment delimiter to commentdelim (e.g., "#" or "//"). If set, the input lines will be scanned for this delimiter and, if found, the delimiter and the rest of the line will be removed prior to processing and subsequently appended to the output line (separated by a space). --version print version and exit. -h print usage and exit. --help print full documentation and exit. --input-file read input from the file infile instead of from standard input; a file name of "-" stands for standard input. --input-string read input from the string instring instead of from standard input. All occurrences of the line separator character (default is a semicolon) in instring are converted to newlines before the reading begins. --line-separator set the line separator character to linesep. By default this is a semicolon. --output-file write output to the file outfile instead of to standard output; a file name of "-" stands for standard output. EXAMPLES
echo 33.3 44.4 6000 | CartConvert => 3816209.60 3737108.55 3485109.57 echo 33.3 44.4 6000 | CartConvert -l 33 44 20 => 37288.97 33374.29 5783.64 echo 30000 30000 0 | CartConvert -r => 6.483 45 -6335709.73 ERRORS
An illegal line of input will print an error message to standard output beginning with "ERROR:" and causes CartConvert to return an exit code of 1. However, an error does not cause CartConvert to terminate; following lines will be converted. SEE ALSO
The algorithm for converting geocentric to geodetic coordinates is given in Appendix B of C. F. F. Karney, Geodesics on an ellipsoid of revolution, Feb. 2011; preprint <http://arxiv.org/abs/1102.1215>. AUTHOR
CartConvert was written by Charles Karney. HISTORY
CartConvert was added to GeographicLib, <http://geographiclib.sf.net>, in 2009-02. Prior to 2009-03 it was called ECEFConvert. GeographicLib 1.21 2012-04-24 CARTCONVERT(1)