utm2ll(1) [debian man page]
UTM2LL(1) General Commands Manual UTM2LL(1) NAME
utm2ll - Convert UTM coordinates to latitude/longitude geographical coordinates SYNOPSIS
utm2ll [-L] | [utm_x utm_y zone [nad27 | nad83 | wgs84]] DESCRIPTION
This program uses Redfearn's formulas to convert a given set of Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates into the equivalent lati- tude and longitude geographical coordinates. (This operation is often referred to as inverse projection, since it projects a previously- projected flat surface back onto the curved surface from whence it originally came.) The inputs are the UTM "x" (also known as easting) value, the UTM "y" (also known as northing) value, and the utm zone. The "x" value includes the normal 500,000 false easting. The "y" value includes the normal 10,000,000 false northing, if the point is in the southern hemisphere. For points in the southern hemisphere, make the zone number negative. Warning: Not all of the possible triples of utm_x, utm_y, and zone values represent correct UTM coordinates. The program will generally still produce latitude/longitude coordinates, even for incorrect inputs. You can check that your original inputs were correct by using ll2utm to convert the latitude/longitude coordinates back into UTM coordinates. The output takes the form of a single line, containing the latitude and longitude, separated by white space. The values are in decimal degrees; with latitudes south of the equator being negative, and longitudes west of the prime meridian being negative. If you provide just the "-L" option, the program will print some license information and exit. Projections, and inverse projections, depend on defining an ellipsoid that approximates the shape of the earth (the reference ellipsoid) and defining reference coordinates (the datum) that allow measurements to be made. Different choices of the ellipsoid and datum can yield projections that differ by tens of meters. There are a wide variety of choices, due to both the historical progression of measurement technology, and the desire to maximize accuracy over a given region (such as North America, or one of the United States). This program defaults to the North American Datum of 1927 (NAD-27) with the Clarke Ellipsoid of 1866, since these appear to be appropriate for much of the freely-available data. The data are apparently in the process of being converted to the Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS-80) ellipsoid and NAD-83. If you come across such data, you can specify "nad83" on the command line. The GTOPO30 data use the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS-84) ellipsoid, which can be invoked by specifying "wgs84" on the command line. SEE ALSO
The ll2utm(1) command provides the inverse conversion. Jul 24, 2001 UTM2LL(1)
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NAD2NAD(1) General Commands Manual NAD2NAD(1) NAME
nad2nad - North American Datum conversion filter SYNOPSIS
nad2nad [ -eEfihortwW [ args ] ] [ +args ] file[s] DESCRIPTION
Program nad2nad is a filter to convert data between North America Datum 1927 (NAD27) and North American Datum 1983. nad2nad can optionally process both State Plane Coordinate System (SPCS) and Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid data as well as geographic data for both input and output. This can also be accomplished with the cs2cs program. The following control parameters can appear in any order: -[i|o] keyword[,keyword] The -i and -o option expect keyword arguments which define various characteristics and processing modes of the respective input data. Usage allows multiple arguments to be included with a - operator when separated by commas. Datum conversion requires the data to be in geographic coordinates, but nad2nad will allow conversion of data to and from SPCS or UTM grid systems. The following are keywords and arguments recognized by both the -i and -o that will apply to respective input and output conversion of user data to internal geographic coordinates: 27|83 datum of data utm=n UTM coordinates in meters for zone n spcs=n for data in SPCS coordinates, where n is state zone number. feet data units are in U.S. Surveyor's feet. This is allowed only when the spcs option been previously used. Default coordi- nates are in meters. bin for data in binary form. rev data in lat-lon order rather than default lon-lat order. hp=ss use high precision conversion zone ss. Certain States have ancillary correction tables to further refine the basic conus table. Ss key and States are: FL Florida MD Maryland TN Tennessee WI Wisconsin WO Washington, Oregon and northern part of California. -ta A specifies a character employed as the first character to denote a control line to be passed through without processing. This option applicable to ascii input only. (# is the default value). -e string String is an arbitrary string to be output if an error is detected during data transformations. The default value is: * *. Note that if the -o bin option is employed, an error is output as HUGE_VAL for both values. -r region specifies which regional conversion table to employ which are identified by the following: conus - conterminous 48 States alaska - State of Alaska hawaii - State of Hawaii prvi - Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands stgeorge - St. George Is, Alaska stpaul - St. Paul Is, Alaska stlrnc - St. Lawrence Is, Alaska -E Input coordinates are echoed to output before ouput values. -f format Format is a printf format string to control the form of the output values. For inverse projections, the output will be in degrees when this option is employed. If a format is specified for inverse projection the output data will be in decimal degrees. The default format is %.2f for forward projection and DMS for inverse. -[w|W]n N is the number of significant fractional digits to employ for seconds output (when the option is not specified, -w3 is assumed). When -W is employed the fields will be constant width and with leading zeroes. One or more files (processed in left to right order) specify the source of data to be transformed. A - will specify the location of pro- cessing standard input. If no files are specified, the input is assumed to be from stdin. For ASCII input data the two data values must be in the first two white space separated fields and when both input and output are ASCII all trailing portions of the input line are appended to the output line. Input geographic data (longitude and latitude) must be in DMS format when neither utm nor spcs is specified, otherwise in meters or feet (feet option used). Input data fields must be separated by white space and not have imbedded white space. Output data will be in tab separated fields of DMS or grid coordinates in meters or feet. Any data after the two input values are echoed after the two output data values. SEE ALSO
cs2cs(1U), proj(1U), Cartographic Projection Procedures for the UNIX Environment--A User's Manual, (Evenden, 1990, Open-file report 90-284). HOME PAGE
http://www.remotesensing.org/proj 2000/03/21 Rel. 4.4 NAD2NAD(1)